Det gule er højst sandsynligt urenheder af en art, enten biprodukter fra syntesen eller cut-produkter. Prøv evt. med en gang acetonevask. Det fjerner mange urenheder og cutprodukter, men dog ikke alle. Eksv. cuttes kokain med både amfetamin, pseudoefedrin, efedrin, og diverse -cain'er visse steder og disse vil ikke blive skilt fra ved en acetonevask.
Kokain kan fremstilles 100% syntetisk. Det er dog ikke særligt udbredt da udbyttet er meget lavt, og er noget bøvl og dyrere at producere i forhold til den traditionelle vej fra coca blade. Dette er én måde at gøre det på:
Citat:
The classic total synthesis of cocaine involves three synthetic, one enantiomeric resolution and one diastereomeric purification steps (Figure 112,22), and requires a significantly high level of synthetic expertise and well-equipped laboratory facilities. The synthesis will produce a pair of racemic diastereomers (of which only one, i.e., (-)-cocaine, is physiologically active) if the enantiomeric resolution and diastereomeric purification steps are omitted. To date, there have been only three seizures of illicit synthetic cocaine laboratories in the United States. All three followed the classic synthesis; however, none of the three performed the enantiomeric resolution step. Two of these laboratories were run by clandestine operators with advanced chemical training, and successfully produced very low yields of racemic cocaine.
The first step involves a ring coupling Mannich reaction using methylamine, succindialdehyde, and acetonedicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester in high dilution in a buffered, aqueous solution at 25°C. After 2 days, the reaction mixture is made basic and extracted with chloroform to give racemic 2-carbomethoxytropinone; tropinone is the major impurity. Enantiomeric resolution of the racemate can be accomplished at this point with (+)- and (-)-tartaric acid; however, as noted above, none of the operators of the three clandestine laboratories seized to date attempted such a resolution.
In step two, the 2-carbomethoxytropinone is dissolved in a minimal volume of ice-cold dilute sulfuric acid and reduced to methyl ecgonine with a 1 to 1.5% Na/Hg amalgam at pH 3.5 and 5°C. Reaction conditions are critical; poor pH and/or temperature control results in both decarboxylation of 2-carbomethoxytropinone to tropinone (which is, in turn, reduced to tropine and pseudotropine) and C-2 epimerization of methyl ecgonine to pseudoecgonine methyl ester. After several hours, the reaction is made basic, extracted with chloroform, and evaporated to an oil containing methyl ecgonine and pseudoecgonine methyl ester in an approximate 3:1 ratio. Additional impurities usually include tropinone, tropine, pseudotropine and unreacted 2-carbomethoxytropinone. The majority of pseudoecgonine methyl ester is precipitated from the oil by the addition of diethyl ether and removed via filtration. The filtrate is evaporated to dryness, dissolved in diethyl ether and converted to the hydrochloride. None of the operators of the three clandestine laboratories seized to date attempted to purify their methyl ecgonine any further than the pseudoecgonine methyl ester precipitation step.
In step three, the methyl ecgonine hydrochloride is benzoylated with benzoyl chloride in pyridine near 0°C. After 24 h, the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and is diluted with diethyl ether, which precipitates a cocaine HCl/pyridine HCl complex. This precipitate is filtered and washed with additional ether to remove excess pyridine, dissolved in water, and extracted with additional ether to remove benzoic acid. The resulting aqueous solution is made basic with dilute ammonium hydroxide (causing dissociation of the cocaine HCl/pyridine HCl complex), and repeatedly extracted with methylene chloride. The combined extracts, which also contain the remaining free pyridine, are evaporated to dryness to give cocaine base, which is re-dissolved in diethyl ether/acetone 1:1 and converted to the hydrochloride via addition of a stoichiometric amount of concentrated hydrochloric acid. As noted above, the clandestine manufacture of illicit synthetic cocaine is extremely unusual. This is not surprising, because - even when attempted by a skilled chemist - the preparation of (-)-cocaine via total synthesis proceeds in less than 10% overall yield. This is clearly economically infeasible in view of the relatively low cost and ready availability of illicit natural cocaine.
Det er værd at bemærke at ingen af de 3 bustede laboratiorier der bliver nævnt, har ulejliget sig med at isolere den aktive isomer.
Lidt om de urenheder der ofte findes i ulovligt syntetiseret kokain, som man ved beslagslæggelser benytter til at skelne det fra farmaceutisk fremstillet, som ikke indeholder disse.
Citat:
The purity of uncut illicit synthetic cocaine can vary dramatically depending on the skill of the clandestine operator performing the synthesis. Illicit synthetic cocaine will not contain many of the alkaloidal impurities commonly identified in illicit natural cocaine, e.g., trimethoxycocaine, the cinnamoylcocaines or the truxillines, but can include any of a wide variety of synthetic by-products (some of which match naturally occurring alkaloidal impurities). Of these, pseudococaine, benzoyltropine and tropacocaine, resulting from benzoylation of pseudoecgonine methyl ester, tropine and pseudotropine, respectively, are the most likely. Additional impurities which are indicative of synthetic cocaine include 3-benzoyloxy-2-carbomethoxytropidine (2,3-didehydrococaine), 3-benzoyloxytropidine (2,3-didehydrotropacocaine), and 2-carbomethoxy-3-methylaminotropidine22. 2,3-Didehydrococaine and 2,3-didehydrotropacocaine result from the benzoylation of unreduced 2-carbomethoxytropinone and tropinone, respectively, and 2-carbomethoxy-3-methylaminotropidine from the irreversible rearrangement of the 2-carbomethoxytropinone/methylamine imine formed during the initial Mannich condensation reaction.
@NAR - Hovedet ud af røven og tænk før du poster, tak!
@IELBDG - Valmuer bruger de sandsynligvis til heroin produktion men hva faen har det med topic at gøre?