20-40% (oral), 36-71% (rectally), 100% (IV/IM), 10% (insufflated)
jeg ville fortrække numsen hvis du ikke vil skyde det.. but too late for that.
Er det virkelig kun 10% nasalt? Jeg syntes når jeg har spurgt rundt omkring, at det sagtens kunne svare sig at sniffe det.. But i guess not.. Har du evt en kilde, på bio tilgængeligheden?

L. Illum, P. Watts, A. N. Fisher, M. Hinchcliffe, H. Norbury, I. Jabbal-Gill, R. Nankervis and S. S. Davis
West Pharmaceutical Services, Drug Delivery and Clinical Research Centre Ltd., Albert Einstein Centre, Nottingham Science and Technology Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom skrev:
"Morphine administered nasally to humans as a simple solution is only absorbed to a limited degree, with a bioavailability of the order of 10% compared with intravenous administration. This article describes the development of novel nasal morphine formulations based on chitosan, which, in the sheep model, provide a highly increased absorption with a 5- to 6-fold increase in bioavailability over simple morphine solutions. The chitosan-morphine nasal formulations have been tested in healthy volunteers in comparison with a slow i.v. infusion (over 30 min) of morphine. The results show that the nasal formulation was rapidly absorbed with a Tmax of 15 min or less and a bioavailability of nearly 60%. The shape of the plasma profile for nasal delivery of the chitosan-morphine formulation was similar to the one obtained for the slow i.v. administration of morphine. Furthermore, the metabolite profile obtained after the nasal administration of the chitosan-morphine nasal formulation was essentially identical to the one obtained for morphine administered by the intravenous route. The levels of both morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide were only about 25% of that found after oral administration of morphine. It is concluded that a properly designed nasal morphine formulation (such as one with chitosan) can result in a noninjectable opioid product capable of offering patients rapid and efficient pain relief."
Jeg kan læse mig frem til at der stadig er debat om hvad den egentlige biotilgængelighed er for nassal administration, men jeg vil til hver en til bruge mit numse hul til at administrere opiater/opioder
